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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, putting a major burden on life quality and social health care systems. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been identified as important risk factors for CVD, severely increasing the risk on e.g. myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular complications constitute the main cause of death in patients presenting with T2DM, CKD or a combination of both. As these pathologies are expected to rise alarmingly in the next decades, a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to T2DM, CKD and CVD is required to improve prevention and treatment of these diseases. Furthermore, insight into the interplay between these pathologies and identification of molecular players interconnecting these comorbidities is of tremendous importance for optimal health management in the future. This Research Topic will focus on the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligands CXCL12/SDF-1a and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the context of CVD and its link with T2DM and CKD, as well as address dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as an important protease destabilizing CXCL12. Chemokines and their receptors are important mediators of cell mobilization, recruitment and arrest, and also more broadly induce cell activation by triggering various intracellular signalling tracks. They control homeostatic conditions, but are also critically involved in inflammatory and pathological processes. Genome-wide association studies revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms connecting CXCL12 as well as MIF with CVD, and a role for both chemokines in T2DM and CKD has also been reported. In this review collection, current knowledge on molecular aspects of the CXCR4 ligand/receptor family and associated signalling pathways will be discussed. The physiological roles of CXCR4, CXCL12, MIF and DPP4 will be summarized, and recent findings on their function in pathological conditions of CVD, T2DM and CKD will be highlighted. This is combined with an extensive introduction providing insight into the pathologies of CVD, T2DM and CKD, discussing clinical features and common pathological aspects of these comorbidities on cellular and molecular level. Also, an overview of available animal models to study these diseases will be provided. This way, this Research Topic summarizes latest knowledge on this crucial molecular axis and its relationship with cardiovascular pathologies for both specialists and interested non-specialists and aims to stimulate further initiatives to unravel the mechanistic involvement of the CXCR4 ligand/receptor family in these morbidities, potentially paving the way for new therapeutical initiatives in the future.

cardiovascular disease --- chemokine --- CXCL12/SDF-1 --- dipeptidyl peptidase --- CXCR4 --- kidney disease --- MIF --- DPP4/CD26 --- diabetes --- chemokine receptor

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Protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of approximately 10,000 different soluble and membrane proteins of human cells, which amounts to about 30% of the proteome. Most of these proteins fulfill their functions either in the membrane or lumen of the ER plus the nuclear envelope, in one of the organelles of the pathways for endo- and exocytosis (ERGIC, Golgi apparatus, endosome, lysosome, and trafficking vesicles), or at the cell surface as plasma membrane or secreted proteins. An increasing number of membrane proteins destined to lipid droplets, peroxisomes or mitochondria are first targeted to and inserted into the ER membrane prior to their integration into budding lipid droplets or peroxisomes or prior to their delivery to mitochondria via the ER-SURF pathway. ER protein import involves two stages, ER targeting, which guarantees membrane specificity, and the insertion of nascent membrane proteins into or translocation of soluble precursor polypeptides across the ER membrane. In most cases, both processes depend on amino-terminal signal peptides or transmembrane helices, which serve as signal peptide equivalents. However, the targeting reaction can also involve the ER targeting of specific mRNAs or ribosome–nascent chain complexes. Both processes may occur co- or post-translationally and are facilitated by various sophisticated machineries, which reside in the cytosol and the ER membrane, respectively. Except for resident ER and mitochondrial membrane proteins, the mature proteins are delivered to their functional locations by vesicular transport.

chaperones --- contact sites --- endoplasmic reticulum --- ER-SURF --- membrane extraction --- mitochondria --- protein targeting --- bimolecular luminescence complementation --- competition --- split luciferase --- membrane proteins --- protein–protein interactions --- Sec61 complex --- Sec63 --- synthetic peptide complementation --- TRAP complex --- ER protein translocase --- signal peptide --- protein translocation --- nascent peptide chain --- membrane insertion --- molecular modelling --- molecular dynamics simulations --- molecular docking --- signal peptidase --- ER translocon --- signal recognition particle dependent protein targeting --- Sec61 dependent translocation --- co-translational translocation --- inhibitor --- high throughput screening --- Sec61 --- Sec62 --- folding --- insertion --- membrane protein --- translocon --- ribosome --- transmembrane segment --- lipid droplets --- peroxisomes --- PEX3 --- membrane protein insertion --- label-free quantitative mass spectrometry --- differential protein abundance analysis --- Zellweger syndrome --- GET --- protein transport --- SND --- SRP --- EMC --- positive-inside rule --- hydrophobicity --- transmembrane helix --- signal recognition particle --- nascent polypeptide-associated complex --- fidelity --- cyclotriazadisulfonamide --- ER quality control --- DNAJC3 --- preprotein --- Sec61 translocon --- ribosome stalling --- signal sequence --- Sec61 translocase --- NAC --- n/a --- protein-protein interactions

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The papers published in this Special Issue report on recent studies investigating the exploitation of by-products produced by the food industry. The topics investigated include the extraction setups used for valuable food waste by-products and their applications as adjuncts to food preparation; the appropriate selection of solvents and extraction processes; and the interactions between extracted fractions and supplementary foods. The papers evaluate a wide variety of foodstuffs and provide results regarding the extension their shelf-lives and activities as functional foods.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- by-product --- rheological properties --- optimization --- melting profile --- antioxidant activity --- mayonnaise --- olive mill wastewater --- oxidative stability --- phenolic extract --- pork --- fatty acid --- amino acid --- mineral --- meat --- sustainability --- spent biomass --- prebiotic potential --- enzymatic digestion --- biorefinery --- circular economy --- by-products --- ovine scotta --- bioactive peptides --- bromelain --- pancreatin --- dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition --- ovine second whey cheese --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- wasted bread --- bioprocessing --- lactic acid bacteria --- soil amendment --- byproducts --- vegetable oil industry --- phenolics --- flavonoids --- photochemiluminescence --- cold-pressed oil by-product --- gum --- thixotropic behavior --- low-fat vegan mayonnaise --- thickeners --- gelling agents --- tomato pomace --- lycopene --- β-carotene --- extraction --- food by-products --- deep eutectic solvents --- non-thermal drying --- stilbene --- vine shoots --- viticulture waste --- trans-resveratrol --- ε-viniferin --- Italian varieties --- no-waste --- omega-3 --- smart sensors --- reuse --- fish oil industry --- recovery --- chemometrics --- lipid profile --- aquafaba --- cold-pressed oils --- confocal laser scanning microscopy --- egg replacement --- physicochemical properties --- radical scavenging activity --- vegan mayonnaise --- Amberlite resin --- hazelnut skin --- polyphenols --- Pinot noir pomace --- solid–liquid extraction --- valorization --- fatty acids --- derivatization --- cranberry pomace --- dietary fiber --- technological properties --- kiwi byproducts --- probiotic --- prebiotic --- Lactobacillus casei --- ingredients --- functional foods --- microbial spoilage --- lipidic oxidation --- antioxidant --- predictive microbiology --- food preservation --- food safety --- sustainable strategy --- by-product reuse --- kinetic parameters --- Olea europaea --- waste reuse --- inulin --- high polymerization degree --- functional pasta --- glycemic index --- prebiotics growth --- n/a --- solid-liquid extraction

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The concept of a circular economy relies on waste reduction, valorization, and recycling. Global trends for “green” synthesis of chemicals have positioned the field of enzyme technology and biocatalysis (multi-enzymes and whole-cells) as an alternative for the synthesis of more social- and environmentally-responsible bio-based chemicals. Recent advances in synthetic biology, computational tools, and metabolic engineering have supported the discovery of new enzymes and the rational design of whole-cell biocatalysts. In this book, we highlight these current advances in the field of biocatalysis, with special emphasis on novel enzymes and whole-cell biocatalysts for applications in several industrial biotechnological applications.

2G ethanol --- hemicellulose usage --- S. cerevisiae --- enzyme immobilization --- cell immobilization --- SHIF --- mannonate dehydratase --- mannose metabolism --- Thermoplasma acidophilum --- mannono-1,4-lactone --- 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate --- aldohexose dehydrogenase --- cyclodextrin glucanotransferases --- large-ring cyclodextrins --- semi rational mutagenesis --- carbohydrate active enzymes --- archaea --- glycosidase --- Sulfolobus solfataricus --- Saccharolobus solfataricus --- Lactobacillus --- β-galactosidase --- immobilization --- cell surface display --- LysM domains --- biocatalysis --- extremophile --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 5-hydroxymethylfuroic acid --- platform chemicals --- whole cells --- New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase --- NDM-24 --- kinetic profile --- secondary structure --- glycoside hydrolase --- thioglycosides --- Fervidobacterium --- endo-β-1,3-glucanase --- laminarinase --- thermostable --- gene duplication --- cofactor F420 --- deazaflavin --- oxidoreductase --- hydride transfer --- hydrogenation --- asymmetric synthesis --- cofactor biosynthesis --- ω-transaminase --- α-methylbenzylamine --- chiral amine --- biotransformation --- biodiesel --- waste cooking oil --- lipase immobilization --- interfacial activation --- functionalized magnetic nanoparticles --- DNase --- kinetic profiles --- RNase --- semi-rational mutagenesis --- substrate specificity --- engineered Escherichia coli --- flavonoid glucuronides --- multienzyme whole-cell biocatalyst --- organic solvents --- psychrophilic yeast --- hormone-sensitive lipase --- Glaciozyma antarctica --- Antarctica and homology modelling --- keratinase --- serine protease --- metalloprotease --- peptidase --- keratin hydrolysis --- keratin waste --- valorisation --- bioactive peptides --- ene reductase --- enzyme sourcing --- old yellow enzyme --- solvent stability --- machine learning --- flux optimization --- artificial neural network --- synthetic biology --- glycolysis --- metabolic pathways optimization --- cell-free systems --- hydrolase --- lipase --- esterase --- Bacillus subtilis lipase A --- transesterification --- organic solvent --- water activity --- immobilized lipase --- RSM --- fuel properties --- chemo-enzymatic synthesis --- glycosyl transferases --- protein engineering --- carbohydrates --- industrial enzymes --- thermostable enzymes --- glycoside hydrolases --- cell-free biocatalysis --- natural and non-natural multi-enzyme pathways --- bio-based chemicals